Counselor Education Comprehensive Exam (CECE) Practice Exam

Who is the individual who developed the social learning theory of career counseling which holds that individuals' learned experiences lead them to develop specific career beliefs?

1. Donald Super

2. Frank Parsons

3. John Holland

4. John Krumboltz

The correct answer is: John Krumboltz

The social learning theory of career counseling is attributed to John Krumboltz. This theory emphasizes that individuals develop their career beliefs and choices based on experiences learned through their interactions with the environment, social context, and personal experiences. Krumboltz's model integrates the influence of observational learning, modeling, and reinforcement, which indicates that people learn by observing others and through the consequences of their behaviors. Krumboltz also highlights the importance of chance events in shaping career paths, further illustrating that career choices are not solely determined by personal traits or interests but are also influenced by various external factors. This approach encourages counselors to help clients recognize and explore their learned experiences, making them more aware of how these experiences can influence their career decisions and beliefs. The contributions of other theorists differ in focus; for example, Donald Super emphasizes self-concept in career development, Frank Parsons is known for his work on the trait-and-factor theory of career choice, and John Holland is recognized for creating typologies related to career environments and personality fit. However, it is Krumboltz who specifically integrated the principles of social learning into understanding career development.