Counselor Education Comprehensive Exam (CECE) Practice Exam

Which type of variable is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on another variable?

1. Dependent variable

2. Independent variable

3. Confounding variable

4. Extraneous variable

The correct answer is: Independent variable

In the context of an experiment, the independent variable is the factor that the researcher intentionally manipulates to examine its impact on the dependent variable. This manipulation is essential for establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables. By systematically varying the independent variable, researchers can observe and measure changes in the dependent variable, thereby gaining insights into the interactions between different factors and the outcomes of interest. The role of the independent variable in an experiment is foundational. It establishes the framework for hypothesis testing, as variations in this variable should lead to predictable changes in the dependent variable. This direct manipulation allows researchers to control experimental conditions and to draw conclusions based on evidence gathered during the study. Understanding the distinctions among other types of variables reinforces the role of the independent variable. Confounding variables are factors that may inadvertently influence the dependent variable, while extraneous variables are other influences that researchers aim to control or eliminate to avoid biased results. The dependent variable, in contrast, is the outcome that is measured as it's expected to change in response to the manipulation of the independent variable.