Counselor Education Comprehensive Exam (CECE) Practice Exam

In Havighurst's model of human development, many of the earlier (childhood) tasks are:

1. biologically determined

2. socially determined

3. culturally determined

4. psychologically determined

The correct answer is: socially determined

In Havighurst's model of human development, many of the earlier tasks associated with childhood are socially determined. This perspective highlights the influence of societal expectations and norms on the stages of development that children navigate. Havighurst proposed that individuals face specific developmental tasks at various stages of life, which are primarily shaped by the social context in which they are raised. For example, during childhood, tasks might include developing social skills, learning to interact with peers, and understanding societal roles, all of which are deeply embedded in the culture and community structures surrounding the individual. This emphasis on social determination reflects the idea that successful progression through these tasks is influenced by the expectations, values, and resources available in a child's environment, rather than solely biological or psychological factors.